Magnetotellurics (MT) and Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CSEM)


Magnetotellurics (MT)- the electrical method specialty of AOA measures the natural very low frequency electromagnetic energy field of the earth to determine subsurface resistivity features. The field components are influenced by the resistivity of the geologic formations beneath the measurement site, and the resistivity of the subsurface can be computed from the EM field measurements. AMT (Audio frequency MT) is an extension of MT to higher frequencies to investigate the shallow subsurface. MMT (Marine MT) is the extension of MT into the offshore environment.
Geologic structure and stratigraphy can be interpreted based on the knowledge of subsurface resistivity distribution. AOA is a specialist in the application of MT to complex exploration problems using sophisticated tools such as multidimensional modeling, inversion of realistic geologic structures, and full integration with seismic data to obtain MT derived velocity models. Applications emphasize exploration areas where seismic data is poor or ambiguous, or where a knowledge of subsurface resistivity is able to resolve seismic ambiguities.
Audio Frequency MT (AMT) is a higher frequency MT technology, often used for mining and engineering applications and in resolving special seismic statics problems coupled with advanced resistivity imaging, refraction tomography and high resolution seismic data. AMT is also used with conventional MT to provide shallow information where needed.

Marine MT and CSEM Receiver

Marine MT – The use of MT in the marine environment brought a new non-seismic imaging tool to the offshore oil industry. Beginning in 1995, surveys have been performed with support by AOA for research and development as part of an industry consortium led by the Scripps Institution for Oceanography, and by AOA for commercial exploration objectives on behalf of industry clients. Surveys have also been performed for non-exploration objectives such as near-seafloor anisotropy, fluid-filled fractures in shallow hard-rock areas, and variations in shallow resistivity that may relate to changes in sediment lithology. The identification and characterization of methane hydrate, an important geohazard and a potential energy resource, is a current area of study at AOA.

Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CSEM) - Marine CSEM is an active-source electrical method whereby, in the marine environment, an array of autonomous EM receivers are deployed on the sea floor and an EM energy source, usually an electric dipole, is towed in the vicinity of the receiver array. The method is sensitive to relatively resistive formations and features, and can be used to characterize the section below the mudline based on resistivity and resistivity variations.  Targets may include shallow methane hydrate, fresh water outflows and sediments of varying composition.  CSEM may assist in characterizing reservoir fluids.
Let AOA assist you with your exploration objectives.

Electrical Methods

Electrical Methods has been a specialty at AOA Geophysics Inc. since the founding of the company, and AOA has specialized in the application of Magnetotellurics (MT) to geophysical problems. AOA is recognized as a world leader in the interpretation of MT data, and our company offers a variety of consulting services to assist you with your exploration objectives.
The AOA electrical methods group works on projects in oil and gas exploration and in geothermal exploration, in addition to projects in mining,environmental and engineering applications. Studies in cooperation with academic institutions include crustal studies and studies for understanding earthquake and other environmental issues. AOA offers MT consulting services for both land and marine surveys.
Where is MT applicable?
- to look at overthrust geology
- in seismic no-record or poor record areas
- as reconnaissance prior to seismic acquisition
- for investigating volcanics, evaporites, carbonates
AOA offers a variety of consulting services to assist you in your projects.
What can AOA do to assist your exploration objectives?
- Pre-survey modeling
-Survey design
- Oversight of data acquisition and Quality Control
- Data processing, and data interpretation
- Integration of EM results with other geophysical data to produce geologically meaningful interpretations
Why Electrical Methods?
Exploration geophysics is the science of estimating the physical properties of the subsurface and interpreting the results to provide a geologically meaningful model of the subsurface. The electrical methods, through surface measurements of natural or man-generated electromagnetic fields or currents, estimate the electrical resistivity of the subsurface, and this allows us to attempt interpretation in terms of geological units and structure.  This can be used to augment seismic, gravity and magnetic data as part of an integrated exploration program.
MT can provide critical information in non-seismic or difficult seismic areas.
CSEM can assist in characterizing reservoir fluids.
Why measure resistivity?
Resistivity is important since rock types important to hydrocarbon and mineral exploration can be differentiated on the basis of resistivity value. While electrical methods can not be used to identify minerals or hydrocarbons directly, the identification or favorable rock types and the presence of geologic structure of interest is critical to successful exploration.  In engineering and environmental applications resistivity can be used for identifying and tracking contaminant plumes, locating bedrock and mapping shallow geology.


QA/QC and Personnel Services

Offshore Site Survey. Geochemical Survey.  Geotechnical Survey. Borehole Logging. CSEM, EM, and MT.

Marine surveys are far too expensive to not have expert Client Representatives looking out for your interests by ensuring that the best data possible are acquired, the survey is optimized, and that contract terms are met.

Good and effective Client Representation, providing

-   Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC),

-   Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) oversight,

-   and general management, leadership, and communication,

is a vital and valuable part of any offshore contract. AOA’s teams of skilled Client Representatives, who have gained a reputation for excellence over many years of working on prominent/high-profile projects, are able to promote and protect our clients’ interests in a wide range of geophysical and geotechnical investigations.

In addition to Client Representation, we provide offshore contractors and consultants who have the training and experience to function as superior Party Chiefs, Operators, Surveyors, Processors, Interpreters, and Marine Mammal Observers.

AOA provides technical/scientific personnel services in the areas of our innovation and expertise.  We are recognized leaders in multibeam echosounder (interpreting the backscatter as well as the swath bathymetry), side scan sonar, subbottom profiling (i.e. pinger/chirp, to boomer/sparker, to mini- airguns/waterguns), 2D and 3D seismic, geochemical and geotechnical coring, borehole logging, and CSEM, EM, and MT services.  AOA provide contract oversight, client communications, and ensure the best quality of data possible.

Let us know how AOA can help you with your next survey.

We recognize that our Oil and Gas clients sometimes need additional expertise to work directly with their geohazard and survey interpretation teams at their own offices.  AOA can provide these experts to you on short or long-term secondments.

contact Dan McConnell +1 713 532-2624
Email Dan